The water footprint of Indonesian consumption was about 270 billion m3/yr in the period 1997-2001, which comes to 1317 m3/yr per person (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2008). About 10% of this footprint lies outside Indonesia, which means that Indonesia still has a relatively high degree of water self-sufficiency.
Virtual water trade between the islands within Indonesia plays a key role in ensuring water security. The interprovincial virtual water flows are primarily caused by trade in rice. Java, the most water scarce island, has a net virtual water import and the most significant external water footprint. This large external water footprint is relieving the water scarcity on this island. Trade will remain necessary to supply food to the most densely populated areas where water scarcity is highest (Java).
There are two alternative routes to reduce the overall water footprint of Indonesia. On the one hand, it may be reduced by promoting wise crop trade between provinces – i.e. trade from places with high to places with low water efficiency. On the other hand, the water footprint can be reduced by improving water efficiency in those places that currently have relatively low efficiency, which equalises production efficiencies and thus reduces the need for imports and enhances the opportunities for exports. In any case, trade will remain necessary to supply food to the most densely populated areas where water scarcity is highest (Java).
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